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The Function Argument
Aristotle’s quest to determine what eudaimonia or “happiness” is in the Nicomachean ethics leads him to the question of the function of human beings. This question is especially difficult because of the change in the general meaning of certain terms such as “function” since the text was written. The best translation given by the professor of the human function was his/her “characteristic work”. What is the action that defines a human being?
Aristotle’s argument follows the following path (at least as I understood it):
- To determine what eudaimonia is, we appeal to the human function.
- General Structure
- The good depends on its function
- Performing a function well expresses virtue (or excellence)
- If humans have a function, a good human would perform the function well.
- The human function is the soul’s rational activity
- General Structure
- Proof of premise 3
- Each profession has a function
- Each part of the human body has a function
- Analogically, a human being must have a function
- Proof of Premise 4
- Human function must be a kind of life
- Life types are:
- Life of nutrition and growth
- Life of sensory perception
- Life of a rational being
- Human function is exclusive
- Life of nutrition is seen in plants and animals
- Life of sensory perception is seen in animals
- Life of a rational being is seen only in humans
- Therefore, the human function must be rationality
For a master logician, Aristotle makes fairly weak arguments for premises three and four.
Suggesting that humans have a function simply because their consisting parts have functions is ludicrous. A pile of machinery from different sources would not assume a unified function even if each part has a specific function. It seems very possible that humans could have no ultimate function and live their lives following learned functions.
Also, the exclusionary argument of premise four leaves a great deal unexplained (whether or not this is a result of me not reading the explanation is beside the point).
As Mahangu noted on An Unexamined Life, most people are content to go through their entire lives without questioning their existence and that seems to indicate a life without the function that Aristotle describes. I don’t believe that the function Aristotle is describing is about basic rationality of simple decisions, rather it is a much bigger “rationality of the soul” due to its relationship with the end of happiness. Not all humans have the function, but those who do can recognize that there exists a path to happiness through this function.
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Comments
That the alignment of the systems is greatly influenced by one in particular (the neural) is of significance. That our ability to cognate – for our purposes here, manipulate symbols mentally – is human alone is a fallacy. Some of the other primates infrequently display insight that implies such an action. If anything, Aristotle’s argument for a human function could much more easily be made for that of non-literal communication…
however, this could easily digress into a chicken-egg discussion involving higher order reasoning and language (and the validity of the sapir-wharf hypothesis.) I do agree, however, that his support for (3) and (4) is weak. I also posit that merely because an organism may have a function, that it does not exclude the organism from having other functions. As a means to achieve happiness, well that is a very sticky wicket. We’d first have to codify what happiness is, and is not.
The contentment of a Compassionate Buddha would not, i suppose, be sufficient pleasure for many Americans to consider it a state of happiness. The confusion of thrills for happiness is a digression, I’ll admit. If the application of the human function – meaningful symbol manipulation – is to lead to happiness, then surely it is exclusively through applying rational doubt to ones own assumptions (a la Descarte) to come to intuit Maya.
In lore, eating from the tree of knowledge is what forced adam and eve from the garden of eden—knowing seperates one from enjoying the work of the universe.
Likewise, it is the process of symbol manipulation and the requisit abstraction – our method of understanding – which prevents us from intuiting our experience directly.
Is it so that to be human is to lose reality so that we may be more effective at survival, and the peak experience in survival is to escape that craft and intuit the nature of things directly? Or to realize the illusory nature of our existences themselves?
However, this argument is (somewhat) based upon the mechanism which it is claiming to understand. If we look at our function most objectively, our function becomes quite clear:
We are self-perpetuating poop factories!
Aaron Blohowiak
Feb 2, 07:11 AM #
“That the alignment of the systems is greatly influenced by one in particular (the neural) is of significance. That our ability to cognate – for our purposes here, manipulate symbols mentally – is human alone is a fallacy.”
Yes, it seemed like a dubious point at best.
“I also posit that merely because an organism may have a function, that it does not exclude the organism from having other functions.”
That is true, although I believe that Aristotle was interested in finding the singular end and function of humans.
“If the application of the human function – meaningful symbol manipulation – is to lead to happiness, then surely it is exclusively through applying rational doubt to ones own assumptions…”
Meaningful symbol manipulation implies something similar to the knowledge-seeking that Socrates apparently felt was the end, and that seems more plausible to me.
“We are self-perpetuating poop factories!”
That’s it! Our problems are solved :D
Thame
Feb 2, 07:16 PM #
Now, if we were to combine the realization that knowledge is an Important (if not exclusive) function of the mind, and that an ancillary, if not patently obvious, function of humans is the manufacture of waste, then perhaps sanitation is the paramount function of man! Applying both cognition and poo, it is a unifying skill by which the goodness of a man can be judged.
Aaron Blohowiak
Feb 3, 06:37 AM #
Thanks
Thame
Feb 3, 06:58 PM #
-More of a double ontondra then an oppinion of mine
Spencer
Sep 10, 08:00 PM #
I’m going to attempt to turn a discussion on the definition and happiness of humanity away from poop, if only because I think the consideration of our ends shouldn’t remain at our bottom. All things considered, philosophy should appreciate what humor it gets since it often seems in rare supply of it, so nicely done.
It is interesting to use the definition of some thing, that is, its characteristic summation, its end function, as a way to determine what gives it satisfaction, or even justice. A rabbit is an herbivore with fine hearing and the ability to move quickly, though also freeze completely when tensed. Because of these attributes it is able to evade being eaten and eat what keeps it whole, thus being able to live. Whatever its predator might be is suited for the task and would thoroughly enjoy a bit of rabbit and from such nutrition go about its life. In both cases, the attributes of the subject are key in the creation of its well-being. A calculator is purposeful in calculating but it can’t be at peace or unrest, its not sentient, for all we know.
So then humanity, what defines us? I would say the degree of our mind. It is not enough to say that this is the most notable of our characteristics, among other forms of life, but rather that this is the origin for all that we would make for ourselves, towards the life that we could possibly cherish above all others. Through our intellect we may design a way of life, a civilization, that reflects the very just existence that we can conceive of.
I can see the relevance of function in this, in that it would decide what could be produced and what could be appreciated. I wonder if there aren’t other ways to go about the same determination, but just as long as we are making the attempt and pursuing its ideal, that is what matters.
Michael August
Sep 4, 12:23 PM #
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